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Hypotonic, Isotonic & Hypertonic Fluids For Nursing Students

Crystalloid solutions are distinguished by the relative tonicity (before infusion) in relation to plasma and are categorized as isotonic, hypotonic, or hypertonic.

Osmosis allows molecules of the solvent to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution to a higher concentrated solution.

Water moves readily across cell membranes through special protein-lined channels, and if the total concentration of all dissolved solutes is not equal on both sides, there will be net movement of water molecules into or out of the cell.

Classification of Antibiotics, Easy to Understand and Learn

Clinical Assessment of Shock Nursing Clinical Cheat Sheet

Shock in a Page

This Nursing Student Study sheet Brain Sheet covers What is hypovolemic, cardiogenic, Allergic, Septic and Spinal shock to include hemodynamics. This sheet includes Medications for the NCLEX and class however a student is note responsible to know drip rates or advanced hemodynamics that are represented on this page.

Some notable for the Nursing student in advanced medical surgical nursing are
Types of Shock
Types of Vasopressors used in Shock
Sepsis Bundle
Alpha and Beta Medications

The Nurses Notes on NCLEX: Sepsis Assessment Cheat Sheet

Sepsis: What nurses need to know
Sepsis is a life-threatening, medical emergency affecting approximately one million persons annually in the United States. Patients hospitalized with sepsis are eight times more likely to die during hospitalization. As nurses, we are in a position to directly impact sepsis-related morbidity and mortality.

Respiratory Acidosis in Pediatric Causes, Treatment & Management
Respiratory Acidosis Nursing Fluid & Electrolytes
Paediatric acid-base disorders

A respiratory acidosis means an increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood (PaCO2) due to inadequate respiration.

Respiratory alkalosis
Primary respiratory alkalosis is most frequently encountered in the ICU setting due to over-ambitious mechanical ventilation. Outside of that situation, the causes of respiratory alkalosis include:

• CNS: disturbances of the respiratory regulation – apneustic respirations (or agonal respirations – deep, gasping breaths with pause at full inspiration), central neurogenic hyperventilation (deep, rapid), Cheyne-Stokes respirations (oscillatory pattern of breathing of deep breathing then apnea followed again by deep breaths) due to tumor, meningitis, encephalitis, psychosis or pain.
• Hyperammonemia.
• Anxiety and panic attacks.
• Fever.
• Nicotine.
• Salicylates.
• Methylxanthines.
• Progesterone.
• Hyperthyroidism.

Signs and symptoms:

• Paresthesias.
• Dizziness.
• Headache.
• Slurred speech.
• Brief loss of consciousness due to the combination of hypocarbia-induced cerebral vascular vasoconstriction and decreased off-loading of oxygen from hemoglobin due to the Bohr effect.
• Hypokalemia.
• Hypophosphatemia.
• Hypocalcemia.
• Chronic respiratory alkalosis can be diagnosed if the serum HCO3 is below the normal range.

Isotonic, Hypotonic & Hypertonic IV Fluid Solution

Breaking Down IV Fluids: The 4 Most Commonly Types and Their Uses

It is important for all nurses to understand why their patient has specific orders in place, and how it affects their overall treatment plan.

Isotonic Fluids and their uses
Isotonic solutions are used: to increase the EXTRACELLULAR fluid volume due to blood loss, surgery, dehydration, fluid loss that has been loss extracellularly.

:

9% Normal Saline ( also known as NS, 0.9NaCl, or NSS)
This is one of the most common IV fluids because it works for most hydration needs due to vomiting, diarrhea, hemorrhage, or even shock.

Lactated Ringers (also known as LR, Ringers Lactate, or RL)
This solution is an isotonic crystalloid that contains sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, and sodium lactate in sterile water.

5% Dextrose in Water (also known as D5 or D5W)
Is an isotonic carbohydrate (sugar) solution that contains glucose (sugar) as the solute.

45% Normal Saline (also known as Half Normal Saline, 0.45NaCl)
This is a hypotonic crystalloid solution of sodium chloride dissolved in sterile water (unlike 0.9% Normal Saline which is isotonic, as mentioned above).

Postures and Direction of Movement
Patient Positioning Cheat Sheet for Nursing Students – KNOW THIS. So when your patient is suddenly hypotensive, you can trendelenburg them to get that pressure up or do a passive leg raise.

Common Respiratory Conditions + a FREE Cheat Sheet!

The most common lung diseases include: Asthma. Collapse of part or all of the lung (pneumothorax or atelectasis) Swelling and inflammation in the main passages (bronchial tubes) that carry air to the lungs (bronchitis).

Lower Respiratory Infections: Bronchitis, Bronchiolitis and Pneumonia. Etiology: Causative agents of lower respiratory infections are viral or bacterial. Viruses cause most cases of bronchitis and bronchiolitis. In community-acquired pneumonias, the most common bacterial agent is Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Respiratory System Assessment for Nurses Cheat Sheet
Your Ultimate Guide to the Nursing Respiratory Assessment + a FREE Cheat Sheet!

Respiratory System:
Respiratory illness in children is common and many other conditions may also cause respiratory distress. Assessment of severity of respiratory conditions
Respiratory assessment includes:

History

• Onset + duration of symptoms cough / shortness of Breath
• Triggers ( dust / aerosol / pollen)

Inspection/Observation

• Observe the overall appearance of the child: alert, orientated, active/hyperactive/drowsy, irritable.
• Colour(centrally and peripherally): pink, flushed, pale, mottled, cyanosed , clubbing
• Respiratory rate, rhythm and depth (shallow, normal or deep)
• Respiratory effort (Work of Breathing -WOB): mild, moderate, severe, inspiratory: expiratory ratio, shortness of breath
• Use of accessory muscles (UOAM): intercostal/subcostal/suprasternal/supraclavicular/substernal retractions, head bob, nasal flaring, tracheal tug.
• Symmetry and shape of chest
• Tracheal position
• Audible sounds: vocalisation, wheeze, stridor, grunt, cough – productive/paroxysmal
• Monitor for oxygen saturation

Auscultation

• Listen for absence /equality of breath sounds
• Auscultate lung fields for bilateral adventitious noises e.g.: wheeze, crackles, stridor etc.

Palpation

• Bilateral symmetry of chest expansion
• Skin condition – temperature, turgor and moisture
• capillary refill (central/peripheral)
• Fremitus (tactile)
• Subcutaneous emphysema
• air to the lungs (bronchitis)

Endocrine System Anatomy & Physiology, Organs & Glands

The endocrine system regulates body processes slower than the nervous system. If the latter body system uses nerve impulses to make immediate action, the former body regulating system acts by the use of chemical messengers called HORMONES, which are released into the blood to be transported leisurely throughout the body that may affect one or several organs. Glands make up the endocrine system and are responsible for producing and secreting hormones. The major glands of this body system are the following:

Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroids
Adrenals
Pineal body
Reproductuive organs – ovaries in females and testes in males
Pancreas